Links and Sources

Books:

Bullard, Edward C. William Maurice Ewing, 1906-1974: A Biographical Memoir. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980.

Engel, Leonard. The Sea. Life Nature Library. New York: Time-Life Books, 1963.

Felt, Hali. Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean Floor. New York: Henry Hill and Company, 2012.

Fowler, John M, editor. Fallout: A Study of Superbombs, Strontium 90, and Survival. New York: Basic Books, 1960.

Frankel, Henry. The Continental Drift Controversy. Volume 4: Evolution into Plate Tectonics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Hamblin, Jacob Darwin. Oceanographers and the Cold War: Disciples of Marine Science. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2005.

Hecht, Gabrielle. Being Nuclear: Africans and the Global Uranium Trade. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 2012.

LeGrand, Homer E. Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories: The Modern Revolution in Geology and Scientific Change. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

McCaughey, Robert. Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

McCray, W. Patrick. Keep Watching the Skies: The Story of Operation Moonwatch & the Dawn of the Space Age. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008.

Menard, H.W. The Ocean of Truth: A Personal History of Global Tectonics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Oliver, Jack. Shocks and Rocks: Seismology in the Plate Tectonics Revolution. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, 1996.

Oreskes, Naomi, editor. With Homer LeGrand. Plate Tectonics: An Insider’s History of the Modern Theory of the Earth. Boulder: Westview Press, 2001.

Schlee, Susan. The Edge of an Unfamiliar World: A History of Oceanography. New York: E.P Dutton & Co., 1973.

Weir, Gary. An Ocean in Common: American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the Ocean Environment. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.

Wertenbaker, William. The Floor of the Sea: Maurice Ewing and the Search to Understand the Earth. Boston and Toronto, Little, Brown and Company, 1974.

Articles:

Andrews, James F. “The Weather and Circulation of October 1958.” Monthly Weather Review 86, no. 10 (October 1958): 408-415, seventeen additional charts. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1958)086[0408:TWACOO]2.0.CO;2.

Barth, Kai-Henrik. “The Politics of Seismology: Nuclear Testing, Arms Control, and the Transformation of a Discipline.” Social Studies of Science 33, no. 5 (2003): 743-781.

Beckman, Walter C. “R/V Vema Deep-Sea Winch.” Deep-Sea Research 7, no. 1 (1960): 49-52. ScienceDirect.

Benjamin, Philip D. “15,980-Foot Peak Found Under Sea.” New York Times, January 18, 1960. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E3DA1138E333A2575BC1A9679C946191D6CF&legacy=true.

Bryan, George M., Marek Truchan, and John I. Ewing. “Long-Range SOFAR Studies in the South Atlantic Ocean.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35 (1963): 273-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1918448.

Doel, Ronald E. “Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences: The Military’s Influence on the Environmental Sciences in the USA after 1945.” Social Studies of Science 33, no. 5 (2003): 635-666.

Doel, Ronald E., Tanya J. Levin, and Mason K. Marker. “Extending Modern Cartography to the Ocean Depths: Military Patronage, Cold War Priorities, and the Heezen-Tharp Mapping Project, 1952-2959.” Journal of Historical Geography 32, no. 3 (2006): 605-626.

Engel, Leonard. “Sailing Scientists.” New York Times Magazine, September 18, 1960. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE1DD1131EF3ABC4052DFBF66838B679EDE&legacy=true.

Ewing, John, Bernard Luskin, Archie Roberts, and Julius Hirshman. “Sub-Bottom Reflection Measurements on the Continental Shelf, Bermuda Banks, West indies Arc, and the West Atlantic Basins.” Journal of Geophysical Research 65, no. 9 (1960): 2849-2859. http://doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i009p02849.

Ewing, M., W. J. Ludwig, and J. I. Ewing. “Geophysical Investigations in the Submerged Argentine Coastal Plain: Part 1. Buenos Aires to Peninsula Valdez.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 74, no. 3 (March 1963): 275-292. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[275:GIITSA]2.0.CO;2.

Ewing, W. Maurice. “A Letter to My Children.” Reader’s Digest, September 1954.

Freeman, Ira Henry. “Crack in World is Found at Sea.” New York Times, February 1, 1957. http://www.nytimes.com/1957/02/01/archives/crack-in-world-is-found-at-sea-columbia-teams-discover-a-20milewide.html.

Gerard, Robert. “Highs and Lows of Undersea Research.” Science News 149, no. 17 (April 27, 1996): 259. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3979776.

Gerard, Robert. “Invitation to Disaster?” Science News 149, no. 10 (March 9, 1996): 147. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3979650.

Gerard, Robert, Marcus G. Langseth, and Maurice Ewing. “Thermal Gradient Measurements in the Water and Bottom Sediment of the Western Atlantic.” Journal of Geophysical Research 67, no. 2 (February 1962): 785-803. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/JZ067i002p00785.

Gray, George W. “The Lamont Geological Observatory.” Scientific American, December 1956.

Hamilton, G. R., M. E. Drake, and C. Hartdegen. “Transmission-Velocity Stability of SOFAR Signals.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35 (1963): 1879-1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121.1.2142623.

Heezen, Bruce C., R. D. Gerard, and Marie Tharp. “The Vema Fracture Zone in the Equatorial Atlantic.” Journal of Geophysical Research 69, no. 4 (February 15, 1964): 733-739. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/JZ069i004p00733.

Jacobsen, Anne Lif Lund. “Danish Seismic Research in Relation to American Nuclear Detection Efforts.” In Ronald E. Doel, Kristine C. Harper, and Matthias Heymann (editors), Exploring Greenland: Cold War Science and Technology on Ice (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016): 167-191.

Luskin, Bernard, Bruce C. Heezen, Maurice Ewing, and Mark Landisman. “Precision Measurement of Ocean Depth.” Deep Sea Research 1, Issue 3 (1954): 131-IN7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6313(54)90044-1.

New York Times. “Columbia Project Given $7-Million,” January 13, 1969. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E1D6143DE134BC4B52DFB7668382679EDE&legacy=true#.

New York Times. “Lady of the Seas is Retired,” March 7, 1981. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/07/nyregion/lady-of-the-seas-is-retired.html.

New York Times. “Maritime Service Buys Sailing Yacht,” February 16, 1941. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02E4DD143BE33BBC4E52DFB466838A659EDE&legacy=true.

New York Times. “Scientist Killed in a Blast at Sea,” March 19, 1961. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E1DB1630EE32A2575AC1A9659C946091D6CF&legacy=true.

New York Times. “Vema Converted Into Training Ship,” July 27, 1941. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03EFD7153BEF3ABC4F51DFB166838A659EDE&legacy=true.

“News of Industry.” Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 7, no. 10 (1960): 326-338. http://doi.org/10.1108/eb019779.

Special to The New York Times. “Ewing, Scientist, Swept into Sea From Columbia Vessel, Is Saved.” New York Times, January 14, 1954. http://www.nytimes.com/1954/01/14/archives/ewing-scientist-swept-into-sea-from-columbia-vessel-is-saved.html.

Special to The New York Times. “I.G.Y. Ship at Capetown.” New York Times, April 8, 1958. http://www.nytimes.com/1958/04/08/archives/igy-ship-at-capetown-vemas-foremast-is-damaged-by-75mileanhour-wind.html.

Sullivan, Walter. “A Once Lavish Yacht Is Honored on Millionth Mile of Vital Research.” New York Times, January 6, 1976. http://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/06/archives/a-once-lavish-yacht-is-honored-on-millionth-mile-of-vital-research.html.

Thruelsen, Richard. “The Incredible Captain Kenedy.” Saturday Evening Post, January 9, 1954. EbscoHost.

"U.S.-U.S.S.R. Scientific Relations Probed." Chemical and Engineering News 52, no. 25. June 24, 1974. p.23.

United States Atomic Energy Commission. Strontium-90 Concentration Data for Biological Materials, Soils, Waters and Air Filters. E.A. Martell. Project Sunshine Bulletin No. 11/AECD-3763. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Technical Information Service Extension, 1955, Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086444943 (accessed September 25, 2017).

Wilford, John Noble. “U.S.-Soviet Oceanographers Share Both Vodka and Ideas.” New York Times, July 3, 1973. http://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/03/archives/ussoviet-oceanographers-share-both-vodka-and-ideas.html?_r=0.

Archival Sources:

Bruce C. Heezen Papers. SIA RU007464. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Washington, D.C.

Central Files. UA#0001. University Archives, Rare Book and Manuscript, Columbia University Library. New York City, New York.

Heezen-Tharp Collection: World/Miscellaneous. G3201.C2 coll .H4 HT. Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Reading Room. Washington, D.C.

Historical Photograph Collection. UA#0003. University Archives, Rare Book and Manuscript, Columbia University Library. New York City, New York.

Historical Subject Files. UA#002. University Archives, Rare Book and Manuscript, Columbia University Library. New York City, New York.

International Geophysical Year Collection. National Academy of Sciences Archives. Washington, D.C.

Marcus Langseth Papers, 1955-1996. MS# 1588. University Archives, Rare Book and Manuscript, Columbia University Library. New York City, New York.

Office of Public Affairs Photograph Collection. UA#0109. University Archives, Rare Book and Manuscript, Columbia University Library. New York City, New York.

Oral Histories (via AIP):

Interview of Alberto Lonardi by Tanya Levin on 1997 August 27, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22880

Interview of Allen Jorgensen by Ronald Doel on 1997 May 16, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6922

Interview of Alma Kesner by Ron Doel on 1995 October 25, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6947-1

Interview of Alma Kesner by Ron Doel on 1997 May 18, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6947-2

Interview of Anthony S. Laughton by Tanya Levin on 1998 May 6, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/31380-1

Interview of Anthony S. Laughton by Tanya Levin on 1998 May 12, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/31380-2

Interview of Charles Drake by Ronald Doel on 1995 November 28, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22583-1

Interview of Charles Drake by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 22, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22583-2

Interview of Charles Drake by Ronald Doel on 1997 May 20, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22583-3

Interview of Dennis Hayes by Ronald Doel on 1995 December 29, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22906-2

Interview of Dennis Hayes by Ronald Doel and Tanya Levin on 1997 June 26, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22906-3

Interview of Dennis Hayes by Ronald Doel on 1997 September 24, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22906-4

Interview of Dennis Hayes by Ronald Doel on 1997 December 23, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22906-5

Interview of George H. Sutton by Ronald Doel on 1996 December 30, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6993-1

Interview of George H. Sutton by Ronald Doel and Tanya Levin on 1997 June 3, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6993-2

Interview of Gordon Hamilton by Ronald Doel on 1996 March 15, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6943-1

Interview of Henry Dorman by Tanya Levin on 1997 June 14, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/25582-1

Interview of Henry Dorman by Tanya Levin on 1997 June 15, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22582-2

Interview of Henry Dorman by Tanya Levin on 1997 June 16, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22582-3

Interview of Henry Conrad Kohler by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 27, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6927-1

Interview of Henry Conrad Kohler by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 28, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6927-2

Interview of Henry Walter by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 24, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6958-1

Interview of Henry Walter by Ronald Doel on 1997 January 10, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6958-2

Interview of J. Lamar Worzel by Ronald Doel on 1996 January 2, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6914-1

Interview of J. Lamar Worzel by Ronald Doel on 1996 January 3, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6914-2

Interview of J. Lamar Worzel by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 14, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6914-3

Interview of J. Lamar Worzel by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 15, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6914-4

Interview of John and Betty Ewing by Ronald Doel on 1996 May 21, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22589-1

Interview of John and Betty Ewing by Ronald Doel on 1997 June 14, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22589-2

Interview of John and Betty Ewing by Ronald Doel on 1997 June 30, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22589-3

Interview of Marcus Langseth by Ronald Doel on 1995 December 13, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22898-1

Interview of Marcus Langseth by Ronald Doel on 1995 December 25, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22898-2

Interview of Marcus Langseth by Ronald Doel on 1996 June 3, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22898-3

Interview of Marie Tharp by Ronald Doel on 1994 September 14, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6940

Interview of Marie Tharp by Ronald Doel on 1995 December 14, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22896-1

Interview of Marie Tharp by Ronald Doel on 1996 December 18, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22896-2

Interview of Marie Tharp by Tanya Levin on 1997 May 24, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22896-3

Interview of Marie Tharp by Tanya Levin on 1997 June 28, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22896-4

Interview of Neil Opdyke by Ronald Doel on 1997 March 17, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22907-1

Interview of Neil Opdyke by Ronald Doel on 1997 July 11, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22907-2

Interview of Nestor Granelli by Tanya Levin on 1997 August 22, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6926

Interview of Robert Gerard by Ron Doel on 1996 December 17, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6944-2

Interview of Robert Gerard by Ron Doel and M. Sfraga on 1997 June 24, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6944-3

Interview of Taro Takahashi by Tanya Levin and Mike Sfraga on 1997 June 27, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6995-1

Interview of Taro Takahashi by Ron Doel on 1997 December 23, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6995-2

Interview of Thomas Aitken by Ronald Doel on 1997 March 21, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22891-1

Interview of Thomas Aitken by Ronald Doel on 1997 December 22, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/22891-2

Interview of Wallace Broecker by Ronald Doel on 1995 December 29, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6923-1

Interview of Wallace Broecker by Ronald Doel on 1997 May 8, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6923-2

Interview of Wallace Broecker by Ronald Doel on 1997 June 6, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6923-3

Interview of Walter C. Pitman III by Ronald Doel on 1995 December 14, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA

Interview of Walter C. Pitman III by Ronald Doel on 1997 January 9, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA

Interview of Walter C. Pitman III by Tanya Levin on 1997 May 22, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA

Films:

Challenge of the Oceans. Directed by Hugh Odishaw, Arnold Frutkin, and Stanley Ruttenberg. Created for the National Academy of Sciences. 1960. Washington, D.C.: McGraw-Hill (Text Films). Digitized by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Available at http://lasp.colorado.edu/igy_nas/.

The Force of Gravity. Directed by Hugh Odishaw and Edward S. Dyer Jr. Created for the National Academy of Sciences. 1960. Washington, D.C.: McGraw-Hill (Text Films). Digitized by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Available at http://lasp.colorado.edu/igy_nas/.

The Hidden Earth. Directed by Hugh Odishaw and Stanley Ruttenberg. Created for the National Academy of Sciences. 1960. Washington, D.C.: McGraw-Hill (Text Films). Digitized by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Available at http://lasp.colorado.edu/igy_nas/.

Other:

Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R). Vema Cruise Catalog. http://www.rvdata.us/ Data documentation and dissemination service that collects data from research vessels. Supported by the National Science Foundation, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the Office of Naval Research, and the Schmidt Ocean Institute. Navigation data for pertinent Vema cruises was consulted from the R2R to create approximations for the exhibit’s map.

“1968: Columbia in Crisis.” Columbia University Archives and Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/1968. Accessed 10/26/2017.