Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Shcharansky (1978- ), formerly known as Scientists for Shcharansky. Private non-governmental organization created by a group of physicists at the University of California, Berkeley created in response to the arrests of Yuri Orlov and Natan (Anatoly) Shcharansky and generally because of concern in the scientific community over the numerous violations of human rights affecting fellow scientists in many parts of the world. SOS developed into a nationwide organization with a membership of 2,400 scientists including 13 Nobel laureates, 113 members of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and presidents of 20 major scientific societies. The name of Soviet scientist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was added later after his exile to the city of Gorky in January 1980. As a result of the efforts of the U.S. government during the 1980s and the work of SOS, Sakharov was freed from his internal exile and Orlov was released from a Siberian work camp and allowed to emigrate in October 1986 as part of a swap that freed U.S. journalist Nicholas Daniloff and accused Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov; he then went on to establish a successful academic career at Cornell University. Natan (Anatoly) Shcharansky, who was imprisoned by the KGB for his work on behalf of the Jewish emigration movement and released in 1986, now serves as Minister of Industry and Trade for Israel.