Born 1921. PhD (atomic physics, 1947) Johns Hopkins University and from 1948 to 1951 he was assistant professor of physics. University of Pittsburgh professor of physics 1951-1974. Director Space Research Coordination Center, 1970-1974 and Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Science from 1966-1974. University of Michigan faculty chairman of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, 1974 - 1980. During his early work with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) he was Chairman of the steering group responsible for two Venus missions. He was also an experimenter on several missions including Apollo-17, Voyager, Galileo and the Cassini mission to Saturn and the outer planets. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983 and was the chairman of the Space Science Board of the National Research Council (NRC) from 1982 to1988. He won eight NASA Achievement Awards, several NASA Public Service Awards, and the Wellock Distinguished Research Accomplishment Award from the University of Michigan in 1981 and the Henry Russel Award of 1986.